DOES ICTS MATTERS FOR CORRUPTION?

Corruption is a common term used in both private and public sector to understand the misused of resources in order to enriched themselves, unlawfully. Corruption has been endemic in Indonesia starting from the highest peak of government to the grass root level. Some organizations had tried to eradicate corruption with any possible way they could find; law enforcement, behavioural to education approach. However, the use of information, technology and communication or ICTS or known as e-Government in eradicating corruption has been considered a break trough. They believe that by implementing ICTS in several sectors of public services, it could help to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. Local Governments has been using e-budgeting but corruption is still prevalent. ICTS serves as way to reduce corruption rate but it does not eradicate corruption at all. The adoption of ICTS in governmental systems creates an opportunity for the officers and staffs who understand and occupies skills of ICTS (e-literate) and at the same time blocks chances for those who do not understand ICTS. This is called as an up-skilling corruption. This paper will discuss e-administration which is understood as ‘the use of information and communication technologies and in particular the internet, as a tool to establish a better-quality administration. Using a case study of e-administration in Bandung City, this paper will discuss how Bandung City is to implement Online Licensing through BPPT or Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (The Agency Assesment and Application of Technology) with a consideration that there is a chance for up-skilling corruption. Further, upon the discussion, recommendation on how to implement proper e-administration so that it will achieve its goal to eradicate corruption.


INTRODUCTION
Technological advancements have been credited for playing a significant role in the globalization of trade, communication, and life styles 1 .The rapid development of information and communications technologies (ICTSs) is astonishing in how it affects people's lives in many aspects 2 .The utilization of ICTS was initiated by the private sector.In a matter of high-technology, the private sector has always become the first institution using it.
E-commerce is one of the examples.Most of the private sector uses this as one of the way to transact to its costumer.The public sector tried to imitated e-commerce and implemented it within the name of electronic government or known as e-Government.Wescott on Choi (2014) argues that 3 : Yet the speed and growth rate of electronic usage in the private sector far exceeds that in the public sector.This is not surprising because markets are usually faster to adopt innovative ideas and technologies than the government.In addition, other characteristics inherent to the public sector such as the large scale of costs, institutional inertia of existing rules and structures, and slow changes of working habits prevent the government from quick adoption of ICTs.Gage on Choi (2014) claimed that 4 : ICTs also aims to do the same for  interactions between governments and government agencies at national, municipal and local levels (G2G), citizens (G2C), and business (G2B).The use of ICTS in government tries to transcend simply a focus on efficiency and effectiveness.By making available interactive access to and use of information it hopes to empower citizens.
E-Government and ICT are like twin they're the same but differ in some aspect.

ICTs -information, communication and
technology-is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing; radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on as well as the various services and application associated with them5 , while e-Government is the use of information and communication technologies to transform government by making it more accessible, effective and accountable6 .The Bandung Mayor, Ridwan Kamil and his administration is eager to make Bandung as the Indonesia's Silicon Valley, which without a doubt will implement e-Government in its system.For example The Agency of Assessment and Application of Technology or BPPT, wanting to make a new changes by launching The Online Licensing of The City of Bandung which will include 25 different online license and 10 differences services.By launching this new service, it would be much easier and faster for the Bandung's citizens to apply for a new permit since this system will make bribery and brokering impossible to enter the system 7 .The Online Licensing is another name of e-administration.E-administration 8 as a component of e-Government is the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and in particular the Internet as a tool to establish a better-quality administration (OECD, 2003).As stated on the previous paragraph, this system would make bribery and brokering impossible to enter the system since it is run through internet or online.Although the new system may prevents the corruption, this new system is still vulnerable of corruption, especially to those who are very familiar with internet or e-literate considering the hypotheses saying that ICTs is not a panacea to eradicate corruption but only helps to decrease the rate.

ANALYSIS
Generally, the introduction of the internet in the administrative proceedings of all fields of public administration brings more access to relevant information and to extract bribes from their clients 9 .Last but not least is exposes which relates to the lack of punishment for corruptor.of institutional corruption is difficult to frame.

As we know, the corruption in
He also added Bardhan (1997) and Rose-Ackerman (1999) arguments that corruption can be broadly defined as "the abuse of public power for private benefit" (Bardhan 1997; Rose-Ackerman 1999).
In the Indonesia's case, the corruptors may vary from the parliament (Angelina Sondakh), the law enforcement (Joko Susilo's bribery case) until the head of village (kepala desa) 14 .
According from the bureaucrats who thinks that it will reduce their "income" or job losses, but as a matter of fact Ahok only wants to eradicate the chance of corruption in terms of public budgeting (APBD).
Some people argue that ICTs is the ultimate tool to eradicate corruption and considered ICTs as a panacea to corruption.But the facts stated that ICTs could only helps to reduce the number of corruption and not a panacea.
Literature indicates the cases of a number of Latin American and Indian states where petty corruption was reduced by employing e-governance 15 .
One of the proof why e-Government is not a panacea is because corruption still existing in Indonesia.Surabaya for instance, the second biggest city in Indonesia is still facing corruption issue although it is the first local government in Indonesia which used e-budgeting system.
The latest corruption case happened in the subdistricts level 16 .Even in 2013, Surabaya ranked as the most corrupt city in East Java province 17 while Bojonegoro region on the second place and Tuban region in the third place.Another reason, why ICTS is not a panacea to eradicate corruption is the security aspect.Government is the biggest data collectors.
It collects almost every single details of our personal information in order to identify each and every single person on the country, to identify the country's issues such as the economic situation -why the state of our economic is in the depression state -and of course to make a better administration system.From the birth certificate, ID card, property certificate, tax form, our income per months and more to be named.Those are our personal information that we would be very careful to give it to someone else unless the subject is someone we knew.But since, it is the government who asked for our personal information and it is regulated in the law so we do not have the power to keep our personal   last year 31 .This data proofed that Indonesia has succeeded in terms of reducing the corruption rate.But we cannot just sit and relax after knowing that Indonesia rose seven points because we still have loads of homework to be done.

4 R
.D.Pathak et.al (Governance & Corruption-Developments and Issues in Ethiopia, 2007), p.5 ICTs offer countries a new approach to creating transparency and promoting anti-corruption.The implementation of e-Government in Indonesia was started in year 2000, but at that time the idea of using e-Government did not come.In April 24 th 2001 the government released the President Instruction (INPRES) number 6/2001 about Telecommunication Media and Informatics to support good governance and to accelerate the democracy process.And then two years after the INPRES was released, President Megawati Seokarno Putri released INPRES number 3/2003 about The Policy and E-Government Strategic Development.According to this new regulation the e-Government strategic development is one of many efforts to develop the implementation of electronic-based governance in order to increase the public service quality effectively and efficiently.Based on these regulations, some local government in Indonesia tries to implement e-Government, Bandung City for example.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3 : Corruption by Year Occurred (Semester II) 20 information to ourselves but to willingly give it to the government.Furthermore, those data are stored in one single database on the internet because the government is trying to implement ICTs through e-administration.We have to remember one of the benefits using ICTs is efficiency.By storing those data into one online database, it would help public employees to categorize the citizen by specific codes or regions or anything.Since it is on the virtual world or the internet, the database might be endangered due to the fact that there are plenty of hackers 'surfing' on the internet, who might be able to hack the database and misused our personal information.For instance, on April 24 th 2004, one of the famous hacker under the name Xnuxer or known as Schizoprenic managed to entered the TNP-KPU website 21 .21 Kasus Peretasan yang Pernah Heboh di Indonesia, <http://www.lihat.co.id/>KPU or General Election Commission is a governmental institution which deals with general elections throughout the nation wide.This case is one of the proofs that the government failed to secure its website.Almost 98 percent of e-Government in Indonesia did not provide security system for the information contain on it.Deeper analyse will show that 100 percent of e-Government in Indonesia does not provide e-trust statement.E-trust statement is used to protect transaction by the government and the environment covered by e-Government including payment transaction or the use of digital signature 22 .So, before the government stored our personal information on the online database, they have to makes sure that the database is 100 percent secured and also provide e-trust.Second, the human resources aspect.The adoption of ICTs in governmental systems creates an opportunity for the officers and staffs who understand and occupy skills of ICTs (e-literate) and at the same time block chances for those who do not understand ICTs.This is called as an up-skilling corruption 23 .For instance the college diploma forgery case of some high state officials.Every college diploma certificate must have its own serial number function as a code.It means one certificate could only have one serial number.Up-skilling corruption applied on this type of corruption.The officers who are e-literate in corporate with irresponsible subjects, changes 22 Evaluation of Provincial Capital E-Government Websites in Indonesia <http://journal.unair.ac.id/> 23 Tutik Rachmawati, Does Technology Matter in Fighting Corruption?, 2012 or made up a new serial numbers which is not released by the Directorate General of Higher Education (Direktoran Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi) through database of college (Pusat Data Perguruan Tinggi) but listed on the list.Most of the reasons they did so because it would be difficult to gained extra 'money' from their works while they believe that they pay check could not afford to pay daily needs anymore or as mentioned above about Joe Bologne's GONE theory.Therefore, BPPT must be vigilant to this new ability its officers and staffs might have.There are also some changes in corruption after the implementation of ICTs in governmental area, computerisation does so by creating changes in one or more of four aspects.Heeks 24 explained four changes due to the computerisation: First of all from the aspect skills, computerisation is often associated with an 'up-skilling' of corruption, providing an opportunity for those with IT skills, and denying those without these skills.A decade or two decade ago, there could only be few people in the organization who occupied computer skills in fact computers were quite rare in that time compared to today's situation.Second, from the confidence aspect.Borrowing from the Panoptic vision, a mythical image may be promoted of the computer as an objective, all-seeing, all-knowing machine.This may cause some corrupt staff to lose confidence and to refrain 24 Heeks