Work Environment Factors and Retaliations Against Whistleblowing Intention

Authors

  • Vallentino Dante Mulyono PPM School of Management
  • Martdian Ratna Sari PPM School of Management

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v10i1.371

Keywords:

Whistleblowing, Fraud, Retaliation, Fear, Rationalization, Responsiveness, Intention

Abstract

The Whistleblowing is a powerful tool for detecting fraud. However, according to the 2024 Corruption Perception Index, Indonesia’s score has declined significantly compared to previous years, showing no signs of a full recovery. This, suggesting a weak intention to whistleblow in Indonesia. This study aims to identify factors contributing to this weakness using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. The research considers both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, represented by rationalization, fear of retaliation, reward/punishment systems, work environment, and internal system responsiveness. The findings reveal that fear of reprisals, the work environment, and internal system responsiveness significantly influence whistleblowing intention.

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.

Aksa, A. F., Irianto, B. S., & Bawono, I. R. (2020). The Urgency of Ratio-nalization for Unethical Behavior And Accounting Fraud. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 11(3), 653-664. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2020.11.3.37.

Altinta?, M., & Özata, M. (2020). Researching the Relationship Bet-ween Organizational Health and Whistleblowing Behavior: Education and Health Organizations Version. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, 6(10), 12–34.

Andon, P., Free, C., Jidin, R., Monroe, G. S., & Turner, M. J. (2018). The Impact of Financial Incentives and Perceptions of Seriousness on Whistleblowing Intention. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3215-6.

Bandura, A. (1991). Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L.

Baucus, M. S., & Beck-Dudley, C. L. (2005). Designing Ethical Organizations: Avoiding the Long-Term Negative Effects of Rewards and Punishments. Journal of Business Ethics, 56, 355–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-1033-8.

Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2003). Raising Voice, Risking Retaliation: Events Following Interpersonal Mistreatment in the Workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.247.

Dalton, D., & Radtke, R. R. (2013). The Joint Effects of Machiavellianism and Ethical Environment on Whistle-Blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(1), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1517-x.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson College Division. Person.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. SAGE, 1(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.

Indrasti, A. W., & Karlina, B. (2020). Determinants Affecting the Auditor’s Ability of Fraud Detection: Internal and External Factors (Empirical Study at the Public Accounting Firm in Tangerang and South Jakarta Region in 2019). Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Accounting Research (AICAR 2019), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200309.005.

Iwai, T., Yeung, L., & Artes, R. (2019). Voice or silence: antecedents of whistleblowing intentions. RAUSP Management Journal, 56(2), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-06-2020-0126.

Jeon, S. H. (2017). Where to report wrongdoings? Exploring the determinants of internal versus external whistleblowing. International Review of Public Administration, 22(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2017.1315235.

Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zada, M., Ali, A., Contreras-barraza, N., Salazar-sepúlveda, G., & Vega-muñoz, A. (2022). Examining Whistleblowing Intention: The Influence of Rationalization on Wrongdoing and Threat of Retaliation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031752.

Kurniasih, C. E., Budiartiningsih, R., Sari, L., Aulia, A. F., Aqualdo, N., & Zuryani, H. (2024). Unraveling the Dynamic Impact of Money Supply, Interest Rates, and Corruption on Inflation: Evidence from Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v22i1.23052.

Latan, H., Chiappetta Jabbour, C. J., & Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. (2018). ‘Whistleblowing Triangle’: Framework and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 160(1), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3862-x.

Lavena, C. F. (2016). Whistle-Blowing: Individual and Organizational Determinants of the Decision to Report Wrongdoing in the Federal Government. American Review of Public Administration, 46(1), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014535241.

Lee, H. (2020). The Implications of Organizational Structure, Poli-tical Control, and Internal System Responsiveness on Whistle-blowing Behavior. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(1), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18792054.

Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1992). Blowing the Whistle: The Organizational and Legal Implications for Companies and Employees. Lexington Books.

Park, S., & Jeon, S. H. (2022). Merit Principles Merit Further Investigation: The Influence on Employee Perception of Whistleblowing. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(12), 894–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1928185.

Ribeiro, R., Silva, B., Pimenta, C., & Poeschl, G. (2020). Why do consumers perpetrate fraudulent behaviors in insurance? Crime, Law and Social Change, 73(3), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09857-2.

Robinson Sihombing, P., & Arsani, A. M. (2022). Aplikasi SmartPLS Untuk Statistisi Pemula (Issue March). PT Dewangga Energi Internasional.

Rodiyah, S. (2015). Pengaruh Sifat Machiavellian, Lingkungan Etika dan Personal Cost terhadap Intensi Melakukan Whistleblowing dengan Retaliasi Sebagai Variabel Moderating. Skripsi. Universitas Islam Negri Jakarta.

Scheetz, A. M., & Wall, J. (2019). Making Crime Pay: Timing of External Whistleblowing. Research on Professional Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting, 22, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1574-076520190000022003.

Smaili, N., & Arroyo, P. (2017). Categorization of Whistleblowers Using the Whistleblowing Triangle. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(1), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3663-7.

Spencer, D. G. (1986). Employee Voice and Employee Retention. Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management, 29(3), 488–502. https://doi.org/10.2307/256220.

Sugiyono. (2007). Statitsika Untuk Penelitian. CV ALFABETA.

Tuan Mansor, T. M., Mohamad Ariff, A., & Hashim, H. A. (2020). Whistleblowing by auditors: the role of professional commitment and independence commitment. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(8), 1033–1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-11-2019-2484.

Umar, H., Pubar, R., Siahaan, M., Safaria, S., Mudiar, W., & Markonah, M. (2024). Corruption prevention in Organizational Clustering in Indonesia: Through the role of the HU-model in detecting corruption. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 27(7), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2023-0163.

Waeye, D., & Maussen, S. (2023). Guiding Employee Whistleblowers’ Moral Compass Through Financial Incentives: The Moderating Role of Systematic Audits. SSRN, 1-51.

Zimbelman, M. F., Albrecht, C. C., Albrecht, W. S., & Albrecht, C. O. (2014). Akuntansi Forensik (4th ed.). Salemba Empat.

Downloads

Published

2025-07-17

How to Cite

Vallentino Dante Mulyono, & Martdian Ratna Sari. (2025). Work Environment Factors and Retaliations Against Whistleblowing Intention. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, 10(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v10i1.371